Virginia Beach's First Resort Era 1880s
Virginia Beach’s transformation from a small farming and fishing community to a popular resort destination began in earnest during the 1880s, driven by improved transportation links and a growing interest in coastal leisure. This period laid the foundation for the city’s modern identity, attracting early tourists and developers who recognized the potential of the Atlantic coastline. The development wasn’t immediate, but the seeds of the resort economy were firmly planted during this decade, altering the area’s economic and social landscape.
History
Prior to the 1880s, the area now known as Virginia Beach was primarily rural, consisting of farms and a small fishing village. The primary economic activities revolved around agriculture and maritime industries. Access was limited, with travel largely dependent on waterways and rudimentary roads. The Civil War had a lasting impact, disrupting the local economy and slowing development. However, the post-war period saw a gradual shift in focus, with entrepreneurs beginning to explore the potential of the oceanfront for tourism. [1]
The key catalyst for change was the arrival of the railroad in 1883. The Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad, backed by investors, connected Virginia Beach (then known as Lynnhaven) to Norfolk, providing a convenient and relatively quick transportation route for visitors. This dramatically reduced travel time and cost, opening the area to a wider audience. The railroad company itself actively promoted Virginia Beach as a resort destination, constructing hotels and other facilities to attract tourists. The initial focus was on attracting visitors from Norfolk and other nearby cities, but the railroad’s marketing efforts extended further afield. The construction of the railroad wasn’t without its challenges, including engineering difficulties and financial hurdles, but its completion proved pivotal.
Geography
The geographical characteristics of Virginia Beach played a significant role in its emergence as a resort. The long stretch of sandy beach, facing the Atlantic Ocean, provided a natural attraction for those seeking recreation and relaxation. The relatively mild climate, compared to more northern locations, further enhanced its appeal, particularly during the summer months. The presence of the Chesapeake Bay on the western side of the city offered additional opportunities for water-based activities, such as fishing and boating. [2]
The landscape itself was relatively flat and undeveloped in the 1880s, consisting primarily of dunes, marshes, and farmland. This allowed for relatively easy construction of hotels, boardwalks, and other tourist facilities. The natural environment also supported a diverse range of wildlife, which added to the area’s appeal. However, the low-lying nature of the land also made it vulnerable to storms and erosion, issues that would become increasingly important as development progressed. Early maps show a sparse population concentrated near the oceanfront and along waterways.
Culture
The cultural landscape of Virginia Beach in the 1880s was largely agrarian and maritime, reflecting the area’s primary economic activities. The local population consisted of farmers, fishermen, and their families, with a strong sense of community and tradition. Social life revolved around churches, schools, and local gatherings. The arrival of tourists began to introduce new cultural influences, but the traditional way of life remained dominant. [3]
The development of the resort industry brought with it a shift in cultural norms. The influx of visitors from different backgrounds exposed the local population to new ideas and customs. Entertainment options expanded beyond traditional social gatherings to include concerts, dances, and other forms of amusement. The construction of hotels and restaurants created new opportunities for employment and entrepreneurship. While the initial impact on local culture was relatively limited, the seeds of a more diverse and cosmopolitan society were sown during this period. The emphasis on leisure and recreation also began to shape the area’s identity.
Economy
Prior to the 1880s, the economy of Virginia Beach was primarily based on agriculture and fishing. Farmers cultivated crops such as corn, potatoes, and vegetables, while fishermen harvested oysters, crabs, and other seafood. These products were sold locally and transported to nearby markets, such as Norfolk. The economy was largely self-sufficient, with limited industrial development. [4]
The arrival of the railroad and the development of the resort industry fundamentally altered the economic landscape. Tourism quickly became a significant source of revenue, attracting investment in hotels, restaurants, and other businesses. The railroad company itself played a key role in stimulating economic growth, constructing facilities and promoting the area as a tourist destination. The demand for goods and services increased, creating new employment opportunities for local residents. While agriculture and fishing remained important, their relative contribution to the overall economy declined as tourism gained prominence. The shift towards a resort-based economy laid the foundation for the city’s future economic development.
Attractions
In the early days of the resort era, the primary attraction of Virginia Beach was the beach itself. The long stretch of sandy shoreline provided a natural setting for swimming, sunbathing, and other recreational activities. The oceanfront was relatively undeveloped, offering a sense of natural beauty and tranquility. Early visitors enjoyed simple pleasures, such as picnics, strolls along the beach, and boat rides. [5]
As the resort industry developed, additional attractions were created to cater to visitors. The railroad company constructed several hotels, including the Princess Anne Hotel, which became a popular destination for tourists. A boardwalk was built along the oceanfront, providing a promenade for strolling and enjoying the sea air. Entertainment options expanded to include concerts, dances, and other forms of amusement. The development of these attractions helped to establish Virginia Beach as a desirable resort destination, attracting visitors from increasingly distant locations. Early promotional materials emphasized the area’s natural beauty and its accessibility via the railroad.
Getting There
Prior to the arrival of the railroad, access to Virginia Beach was limited and challenging. Travel was primarily by boat, utilizing the waterways that connected the area to Norfolk and other nearby towns. Roads were rudimentary and often impassable, particularly during inclement weather. This restricted the number of visitors and hindered economic development.
The completion of the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad in 1883 revolutionized transportation to the area. The railroad provided a direct and reliable link to Norfolk, making it much easier for visitors to reach Virginia Beach. Trains ran several times a day, transporting passengers and goods between the two cities. The railroad also stimulated the development of connecting transportation networks, such as stagecoach lines, which extended the reach of the resort to other areas. The improved transportation infrastructure was crucial to the success of the early resort era. [6]