Princess Anne County

Princess Anne County, established in 1691, represents a foundational element in the history of what is now the City of Virginia Beach. For over 300 years, it served as an independent county before consolidating with the City of Virginia Beach in 1963, fundamentally reshaping the political and geographical landscape of the region. Its legacy continues to influence the character and development of the modern city, particularly in the areas formerly encompassed by the county’s rural and agricultural lands.

History

Princess Anne County was formed from the older Norfolk County in 1691, named in honor of Queen Anne, then heir presumptive to the English throne. Initially, the county stretched across a vast area of southeastern Virginia, encompassing much of the land that would eventually become the independent cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk, and Virginia Beach. Early life in Princess Anne County revolved around agriculture, primarily tobacco cultivation, and a relatively sparse population. The county seat was established at Princess Anne Courthouse, a location that remains a significant historical site today. ^[1]

The 19th and early 20th centuries saw Princess Anne County remain largely agrarian, resisting the rapid industrialization that transformed other parts of Virginia. The county’s economy continued to depend on farming, with a shift towards truck farming – the growing of fruits and vegetables for market – as transportation networks improved. The construction of the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railway in the late 19th century began to open up the county to tourism, particularly to the coastal areas. However, the majority of the county remained rural and sparsely populated. A pivotal moment arrived in 1952 when the U.S. Navy selected a large portion of Princess Anne County for the establishment of Naval Air Station Oceana, initiating a period of significant change. ^[2]

The presence of the Navy base spurred population growth and economic development, particularly in the areas surrounding the installation. Recognizing the potential for further growth and the benefits of consolidation, discussions began regarding merging Princess Anne County with the City of Virginia Beach. In 1963, a referendum was held, and voters approved the consolidation, officially dissolving Princess Anne County and expanding the boundaries of Virginia Beach to encompass its former territory. This merger dramatically increased Virginia Beach’s land area and population, transforming it from a small resort town into a major metropolitan area.

Geography

Prior to its consolidation, Princess Anne County covered a substantial area of southeastern Virginia, characterized by diverse geographical features. The county included significant portions of the Chesapeake Bay shoreline, extensive agricultural lands, and the beginnings of the Dismal Swamp. The terrain varied from flat coastal plains to gently rolling hills inland. The county’s waterways, including the Lynnhaven River and numerous smaller creeks and inlets, played a crucial role in its early economy and transportation. ^[3]

The geographical features of the former Princess Anne County continue to define much of the modern City of Virginia Beach. The agricultural areas, particularly in the southern and western parts of the city, remain important for farming and open space. The coastal areas, once primarily used for fishing and small-scale agriculture, have become heavily developed with residential and commercial properties. The presence of the Great Dismal Swamp, partially within the former county boundaries, provides a unique ecological environment and recreational opportunities. The Lynnhaven River, a historically significant waterway, continues to be a focal point for environmental conservation efforts.

Culture

The culture of Princess Anne County was deeply rooted in its agricultural heritage and rural lifestyle. For generations, families farmed the land, and a strong sense of community developed based on shared experiences and traditions. Social life revolved around local churches, schools, and community events. The pace of life was generally slower and more traditional than in the more urbanized areas of neighboring Norfolk County. ^[4]

Following the consolidation with Virginia Beach, the cultural landscape began to evolve. The influx of new residents, particularly those associated with the military and tourism industries, brought new perspectives and influences. While the traditional rural culture of Princess Anne County did not disappear entirely, it became increasingly integrated with the more cosmopolitan culture of Virginia Beach. Today, remnants of the county’s agricultural past can still be found in local festivals, farmers' markets, and historic sites. The Princess Anne County Museum, located in the former courthouse, serves as a repository of the county’s history and cultural heritage.

Notable Residents

While Princess Anne County was largely a rural area, it produced individuals who contributed to the broader history of Virginia and the nation. Many prominent families were involved in agriculture and local governance for generations. Identifying specific individuals who achieved widespread national recognition solely *from* Princess Anne County is difficult, given its historical character. However, many residents served with distinction in local and state government, contributing to the development of the region. ^[5]

Post-consolidation, the increased prominence of Virginia Beach has led to a greater number of nationally recognized residents. However, many of these individuals have roots in the former Princess Anne County, reflecting the area’s long-standing contribution to the region. The focus on military personnel stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana has also brought a diverse range of individuals to the area, many of whom have made significant contributions to their respective fields.

Economy

The economy of Princess Anne County was almost entirely based on agriculture for much of its history. Tobacco was the primary cash crop in the early years, but over time, farmers diversified into truck farming, growing fruits and vegetables for market. The county’s economy was largely self-sufficient, with limited industrial development or commercial activity. Local businesses served the needs of the agricultural community, and trade with neighboring counties was relatively limited. ^[6]

The establishment of Naval Air Station Oceana in 1952 dramatically altered the county’s economic landscape. The base brought a significant influx of federal dollars and created numerous jobs, both directly and indirectly. The construction industry boomed, and new businesses emerged to serve the needs of the military personnel and their families. Following the consolidation with Virginia Beach, the city’s economy diversified further, with tourism, hospitality, and real estate becoming major industries. While agriculture remains a presence, it is now a much smaller part of the overall economic picture.

Getting There

Prior to significant modern infrastructure development, travel to and within Princess Anne County relied heavily on waterways and rudimentary roads. The Lynnhaven River and other creeks provided access for small boats and ferries. Roads were often unpaved and difficult to navigate, particularly during inclement weather. The construction of the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railway in the late 19th century improved transportation, but the county remained relatively isolated.

Following consolidation, Virginia Beach benefited from substantial investments in transportation infrastructure. Interstate 64 provides direct access to the city, and several major highways connect it to other parts of Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic region. Norfolk International Airport serves as a major air transportation hub, and the city is also accessible by bus and rail. The development of modern roads and highways has made it much easier to travel to and within the areas that were once part of Princess Anne County.